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Topics Study Guides Reagent Guide Quizzes Practice CS Benefits Log In Register Menu Topics Study Guides Reagent Guide Quizzes Practice CS Benefits Log In Register All You Need for Organic Chemistry Study Guides Practice Problems Quizzes Puzzles Over 1000 Practice Questions Sign Up and Get Now Structure and Bonding Lewis Structures in Organic Chemistry Valency and Formal Charges in Organic Chemistry How to Determine the Number of Lone Pairs sp 3 , sp 2 , and sp Hybridization in Organic Chemistry with Practice Problems How to Quickly Determine The sp 3 , sp 2, and sp Hybridization Bond Lengths and Bond Strengths VSEPR Theory – Molecular and Electron Geometry of Organic Molecules Dipole-dipole, London Dispersion and Hydrogen Bonding Interactions Dipole Moment and Molecular Polarity Boiling Point and Melting Point in Organic Chemistry Boiling Point and Melting Point Practice Problems Solubility of Organic Compounds General Chemistry Overview Quiz Molecular Representations Bond-Line or Skeletal Structures Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry with Practice Problems Bond-line, Lewis and Condensed Structures with Practice Problems Curved Arrows with Practice Problems Resonance Structures in Organic Chemistry with Practice Problems How to Choose the More Stable Resonance Structure Drawing Complex Patterns in Resonance Structures Localized and Delocalized Lone Pairs with Practice Problems Molecular Representations Quiz Acids and Bases Acids and Bases – General Chemistry Organic Acids and Bases Organic acid-base mechanisms Acid Strength and pKa How to Determine the Position of Equilibrium for an Acid-Base Reaction Inductive and Resonance (Mesomeric) Effects Factors That Determine the pKa and Acid Strength How to Choose an Acid or a Base to Protonate or Deprotonate a Given Compound Lewis Acids and Bases Basicity of Amines Organic Acids and Bases Practice Problems Organic Acids and Bases Quiz Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Naming Alkanes by IUPAC nomenclature Rules Practice Problems Naming Bicyclic Compounds Naming Bicyclic Compounds-Practice Problems How to Name a Compound with Multiple Functional Groups Primary Secondary and Tertiary Carbon Atoms in Organic Chemistry Constitutional or Structural Isomers with Practice Problems Degrees of Unsaturation or Index of Hydrogen Deficiency The Wedge and Dash Representation Sawhorse Projections Newman Projections with Practice Problems Gauche Conformation, Steric, Torsional Strain Energy Practice Problems Ring Strain Drawing the Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane Ring Flip: Drawing Both Chair Conformations with Practice Problems 1,3-Diaxial Interactions and A value for Cyclohexanes Ring-Flip: Comparing the Stability of Chair Conformations with Practice Problems Cis and Trans Decalin IUPAC Nomenclature Practice Problems IUPAC Nomenclature Summary Quiz Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Practice Quiz Stereochemistry How to Determine the R and S Configuration The R and S Configuration Practice Problems Chirality and Enantiomers Diastereomers-Introduction and Practice Problems Cis and Trans Stereoisomerism in Alkenes E and Z Alkene Configuration with Practice Problems Enantiomers Diastereomers the Same or Constitutional Isomers with Practice Problems Optical Activity Specific Rotation Racemic Mixtures Enantiomeric Excess (ee): Percentage of Enantiomers from Specific Rotation with Practice Problems Symmetry and Chirality. Meso Compounds Fischer Projections with Practice Problems R and S Configuration in the Fischer Projection R and S configuration on Newman projections R and S Configuration of Allenes Converting Bond-Line, Newman Projection, and Fischer Projections Resolution of Enantiomers: Separate Enantiomers by Converting to Diastereomers Stereochemistry Practice Problems Quiz Energy Changes In Organic Chemistry Energy and Organic Chemistry Reactions Bond Lengths and Bond Strengths Homolytic and Heterolytic Bond Cleavage The Heat of Reaction from Bond Dissociation Energies Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Introduction to Alkyl Halides Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions – An Introduction All You Need to Know About the S N 2 Reaction Mechanism The S N 2 Mechanism: Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Curved Arrows and Stereochemistry with Practice Problems The Stereochemistry of S N 2 Reactions The S N 1 Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction The S N 1 Mechanism: Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Curved Arrows and Stereochemistry with Practice Problems The Substrate and Nucleophile in S N 2 and S N 1 Reactions Carbocation Rearrangements in S N 1 Reactions with Practice Problems When Is the Mechanism S N 1 or S N 2? Reactions of Alcohols with HCl, HBr, and HI Acids SOCl 2 and PBr 3 for Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides Alcohols in Substitution Reactions with Tons of Practice Problems How to Choose Molecules for Doing S N 2 and S N 1 Synthesis-Practice Problems Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Practice Quiz Alkenes: Structure, Stability, and Nomenclature Alkenes: Structure and Stability Naming Alkenes by IUPAC Nomenclature Rules Cis and Trans Stereoisomerism in Alkenes E and Z Alkene Configuration with Practice Problems Elimination Reactions General Features of Elimination The E2 Mechanism Zaitsev’s Rule – Regioselectivity of E2 Elimination Reactions The Hofmann Elimination of Amines and Alkyl Fluorides Stereoselectivity of E2 Elimination Reactions Stereospecificity of E2 Elimination Reactions Elimination Reactions of Cyclohexanes with Practice Problems POCl 3 for Dehydration of Alcohols The E1 Mechanism with Practice Problems Regioselectivity of E1 Reactions Stereoselectivity of E1 Reactions How to tell if it is E2 or E1 Mechanism Dehydration of Alcohols by E1 and E2 Elimination Mesylates and Tosylates as Good Leaving Groups Mitsunobu Reaction S N 1 S N 2 E1 E2 – How to Choose the Mechanism The Role of the Solvent in S N 1, S N 2, E1, and E2 Reactions S N 1 S N 2 E1 or E2 – the Largest Collection of Practice Problems The Hammond Postulate The E1cB Elimination Mechanism Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Practice Quiz Addition Reactions of Alkenes Markovnikov’s Rule with Practice Problems Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes with Practice Problems Oxymercuration-Demercuration Addition of Alcohols to Alkenes Free-Radical Addition of HBr: Anti-Markovnikov Addition Hydroboration-Oxidation: The Mechanism Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes: Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry with Practice Problems Halogenation of Alkenes and Halohydrin Formation The Stereochemistry of Alkene Addition Reactions Cis product in an anti Addition Reaction of Alkenes Ozonolysis of Alkenes with Practice Problems Syn Dihydroxylation of Alkenes with KMnO 4 and OsO 4 Anti Dihydroxylation of Alkenes with MCPBA and Other Peroxides with Practice Problems Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes with KMno 4 and O 3 Alkene Reactions Practice Problems Changing the Position of a Double Bond Changing the Position of a Leaving Group Alkenes Multi-Step Synthesis Practice Problems Alkene Addition Reactions Practice Quiz Alkynes Introduction to Alkynes Naming Alkynes by IUPAC Nomenclature Rules – Practice Problems Preparation of Alkynes by Elimination Reactions Hydrohalogenation of Alkynes Acid Catalyzed Hydration of Alkynes with Practice Problems Reduction of Alkynes Halogenation of Alkynes Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkynes with Practice Problems Ozonolysis of Alkynes with Practice Problems Alkylation of Terminal Alkynes in Organic Synthesis with Practice Problems Alkyne reactions summary practice problems Alkyne Synthesis Reactions Practice Problems Alkyne Naming and Reactions Practice Quiz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy – An Easy Introduction NMR Chemical Shift NMR Chemical Shift Range and Value Table NMR Number of Signals and Equivalent Protons Homotopic Enantiotopic Diastereotopic and Heterotopic Homotopic Enantiotopic Diastereotopic Practice Problems Integration in NMR Spectroscopy Splitting and Multiplicity (N+1 rule)...